![]() ![]() Indeed, dry land is very vulnerable to erosion and degradation. Indonesia’s land area covers 191.19 m ha, which is dominated by 144.47 m ha (75.60%) of dry land hence, erosion-induced LD can affect a large area. Erosion-induced LD is an environmental problem that occurs worldwide, causing land productivity to decline ( García–Ruiz et al., 2013). In Indonesia, the main cause of LD is erosion owing to high rainfall intensity. Among the various forms of LD, water erosion represents the most important form ( Hermassi and Amami, 2018). Many natural resource processes can cause LD including erosion, deforestation, soil compaction, soil acidity, salting, and desertification ( Turner et al., 2016). The depletion of natural resources due to LD can occur in dry and subhumid climates alike ( Omuto et al., 2014). In the past 45 years, LD has caused world rice yields to decline by an estimated 1.6–2.7% and financial losses to exceed US$ 10.6 billion ( Chen et al., 2012). (2008) have estimated that the area of the degraded land worldwide is 18.1 m km 2, 92% of which due to land mismanagement. It has been estimated that around 30% of the world’s land is degraded ( Lal, 2015 Nkonya et al., 2016). LD can be caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors of the soil ( Brevik et al., 2015), as well as human factors ( Khaledian et al., 2017). The global issue of LD has become the target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the past two decades, LD has affected more than 20% of the vegetated land area and affects more than 1.5 billion people worldwide ( United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2017). LD refers to the reduced or lost biological and economic productivity of agricultural land or forests resulting from human activities ( Expert Group on SDG Indicators, 2016). The implications of LD include environmental setbacks and reduced food security as well as diminished sustainable economy ( Zhao et al., 2013). Land degradation (LD) is a dynamic environmental process that can reduce ecosystem functions and disrupts agricultural production. The method developed in this research work could be adopted as a tool to guide decision-makers toward sustainable land resource management in humid tropical watersheds affected by LD. The prioritization of LD restoration is suggested in the area of very high and high degraded land. The results indicated that the MCSW is dominated by the potentially degraded land classes (38%), followed by the degraded land classes (21%). ![]() The severity of LD was estimated quantitatively by analyzing the parameters of land use and land cover, slope, soil erosion, productivity, and management. The objective of this study was to map degraded lands and prioritize restoration using a combined approach of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) in a multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) environment. The middle Citarum sub-watershed (MCSW) is one of the most degraded drylands in Indonesia, where the environment can be considered a typical humid tropical watershed. Watershed management should be prioritized owing to budget constraints, while on the other side, the area affected by LD is very large compared to the size of the existing land area. More than 100 countries including Indonesia are affected by LD. Many factors cause land degradation, but in humid tropical areas, erosion is the main factor. Land degradation (LD) is an important issue worldwide because it affects food production and people’s welfare. 2Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia.1Geospatial Information Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.Wiwin Ambarwulan 1*, Irmadi Nahib 1, Widiatmaka Widiatmaka 2, Jaka Suryanta 1, Sri Lestari Munajati 1, Yatin Suwarno 1, Turmudi Turmudi 1, Mulyanto Darmawan 1 and Dewayany Sutrisno 1 ![]()
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